https://www.jesb.ir/ Environmental Science and Bioengineering en daily 1 Tue, 13 Sep 2016 00:00:00 +0430 Tue, 13 Sep 2016 00:00:00 +0430 https://www.jesb.ir/article_32805.html مونوکسیدکربن یکی از عوامل عمده آلودگی هوای کلان‌شهر تهران است. هدف اصلی این تحقیق، شبیه‌سازی غلظت میانگین ساعتی مونوکسیدکربن در هوای شهر تهران با استفاده از دو مدل رگرسیون مؤلفه‌های اصلی و شبکه عصبی بهینه شده با الگوریتم رقابت استعماری است. از روش تحلیل مؤلفه‌های اصلی برای از بین بردن همبستگی بین متغیرهای ورودی و تفسیر بهتر نتایج مدل رگرسیونی استفاده شد. همچنین با استفاده از یک شبکه عصبی پس‌انتشار با یک لایه پنهان و استفاده از الگوریتم رقابت استعماری به عنوان الگوریتم آموزش نیز مدلی مناسب برای این امر ایجاد شد. برای شبیه‌سازی غلظت مونوکسیدکربن از داده‌های ساعتی سال‌های 1386 و 1387 ایستگاه تجریش واقع در شمال تهران استفاده شد. برای ارزیابی نتایج مدل‌های مذکور، ریشه میانگین مربعات خطا (RMSE)، میانگین مطلق خطا (MAE)، میانگین مربعات خطا (MSE) و ضریب همبستگی (R) در مدل شبکه عصبی برای مرحله آزمون به ترتیب 050/0 ، 0346/0 ، 0025/0 و 746/0 به‌دست آمده که در مقایسه با مدل رگرسیون مؤلفه‌های اصلی (0856/0RMSE=، 0619/0MAE=، 0075/0MSE= و 501/0R=) حاکی از برتری مطلق نتایج شبکه عصبی بهینه شده با الگوریتم رقابت استعماری نسبت به مدل رگرسیون مؤلفه‌های اصلی است. https://www.jesb.ir/article_103602.html The study of the comments of the visitors is one of the important criteria in selecting, planning and designing recreational region that causes the pleasure productivity in the areas which have potential for tourism. The present research is the result of a 4 months field work to evaluate the recreational region needs of the visitors  to Reyzamin  that is a part of Central Alborz Protected Area in Karaj District and in side of Karaj-Chalous Tourism Road. Clawson Method, one of the most common methods of studying recreational region in the world, was used in this research to obtain people's comments and some questionnaires were used for the study.  A questionnaire with 18 questions  was designed and 156 copies of them were completed through distribution and face to face interview from July 2011 to October 2011. The questionnaires were distributed during this period ,in holidays, middle and early week  of each month. The results showed that men are the most visitors. Most of the visitors are academically High school Diploma to Bachelor’s Degree and financially they are in an average status. Most of the visitors are under 30 years old. The visitors are there mostly with their families and  in their own car and it takes them less than two hours to get there and their cost of trip is less than 50,000 Tomans. If the weather is fine, they prefer to go on a picnic than have other entertainments. They say the facilities in the area are not enough. Even if they do not agree to pay admission fee, but if the condition improves , receiving the admission fee can increase the number of the visitors to the area and they can benefit more from the area. https://www.jesb.ir/article_103615.html This article discusses possibility of preparation and prediction of zoning map for the seasons and changes of spatio-temporal distribution of water quality parameters including nutrients using 2D equations of shallow water and their numerical solution and the technique to use the best interpolation method. Based on the research, the velocity of water hydraulic flow can be determined and their impacts on water quality parameters can be studied. The idea of using the 2D flow correction analysis in wetlands using 1D (laboratory data) accurate values is other major results of the research that leads to reduction of fluctuation in results and achieving better convergence in solving the obtained equations. In addition to the comparison of the modeling results and valid results, correlation coefficient and MAE are used for model verification. An appropriate compatibility is observed among the results, as there is a 6-7% correlation among the study parameters. The results obtained from simulation the numerical model and the author-developed software prove that the average annual concentration of nitrate and phosphate in Anzali wetland in 2030 will respectively be about (10.7%) and (15.2%) higher than the present values and the average relative DO will decrease about (14.8%). https://www.jesb.ir/article_103618.html Landscape will affect people’s perception of the environment, so people’s behavior will change in the environment. Landscape recognition and accurate assessment of this area provide optimal planning and management of the land and have provided extensive studies in recent years around the world. While this article has observed various stages of scientific research, it also has pursued micro or macro ideas containing in previous works and has sought how changes  in the aesthetic quality estimation of landscape methods over time in  various scientific fields.  landscape beauty is the result of the interaction between the biophysical characteristics and human  observation, which leads to methods based on perception (subjective) and expertise (objective)  to assess landscape beauty. Since there is a complicated relationship between landscape perception and landscapes experiencing through a range of personal perspectives and perceptions, mental evaluation is usually dealing with challenges. The most significant benefit of assessment is based on its specialized efficiency, which  uses automated methods to evaluate at a  wider level. However, expert-based evaluations do not achieve high accuracy since they are highly dependent on  specific knowledge and  evaluator's judgment. Assessing the aesthetic quality of the landscape by integrating approaches and using comprehensive methods will lead to favorable results. Implementation of advanced tools and techniques such as GIS, Remote Sensing, Mathematical modeling, and Artificial intelligence in  assessing the aesthetic quality of the landscape will enhance the accuracy and speed of the results. https://www.jesb.ir/article_103620.html Brown bear is the largest carnivore in Iran and is distributed the throughout the mountainous area  of the country. The largest population of species inhabit the northern slopes of Alborz Mountains and the Hyrcanian mountainous forests part are the main species distribution area . Therefore, identifying the effective Biogeographical factors and selection of the suitable habitat by the species plays an important role in the describing species distribution. We collected the brown bear presence points in the three Northern Provinces of Iran Guilan, Mazandaran and Golestan. After testing the correlation of the parameters, the species habitat suitability map was prepared by using the Maximum Entropy Method. The results indicated that the model performed well in predicting suitable areas. The results of Jackknife analysis showed that the slope and after that vegetation index variables have the most effects on the suitability of the species habitat. Most parts of the study area are suitable for brown bear. https://www.jesb.ir/article_103621.html Despite the particular importance in marine ecosystems and food chain, mangrove forests are subject to destruction due to rapid population growth, poor planning, and inconsistent economic development. Identifying changes in these ecosystems is the first step in their sustainable management. Therefore, in this study, we have tried to determine the appropriate method for determining the changes in mangrove forests using satellite data and for identifying appropriate thresholds for revealing these changes. Based on the surveying of temporal variation of these forests, the tidal conditions are the first problem in determining the digital change of these forests. Accordingly, in order to determine the appropriate digital change detection method, OLI images in 2015 and ETM + images for 2001 were obtained in the same tidal conditions. The preprocessing operations included geometric, and radiometeric correction was done on these data. Then, to enhance spatial resolution, the fusion is done in a way that does not affect the output histogram. In the next step, first the images were enhanced by applying the spectral indexes, then the hybrid classification was applied to the images to extract the mangrove forest. At this stage, the changes in these forests were determined by post-classification comparison. In the next step, by combining the mangrove forest area at both time intervals, the total forest mask was obtained. Then, the NDVI spectral index was appropriately considered by analyzing the coefficients of variation of the spectral vegetation indices. Then, in the mask area of the mangrove forest, the NDVI was used to perform algebra change detection methods including image difference, image ratio, regression. Also, to determine the appropriate thresholds for algebra operations, the thresholds were applied based on deviation from the mean for all methods, then accordingly the changes were detected. Finally, by 120 sampling points, areas with the decrease, increase, and no change trends were visited and then overall accuracy and kappa coefficients were determined. Based on the results, the post-classification comparison has the highest accuracy in detecting changes. It was also found that the threshold of twice standard deviation showed the best accuracy in outputs. https://www.jesb.ir/article_103622.html In this paper, the performance of some nano materials including multi wall carbon nano tubes (MWCNTs), carbon nano fibers (CNFs), nano silica, nano kaolinite and nano montmorillonite is compared in order to evaluate geotechnical properties and elastic modulus of the stabilized clayey soils. The mechanical tests were carried out on samples treated by nano particles indicate that MWCNTs and CNFs are essential additives for improving the physical properties of unstable soils including Atterberg limits, optimum moisture content and maximum dry density. Small amounts of nano silica and nano kaolinite particles increased the maximum dry density, the unconfined compressive strength (UCS) and the elastic modulus (E) results. However, a reverse trending in optimum moisture content is observed in    which nano silica treated the soil towards the higher water contents. In contrast, nano kaolinite performs a higher positive influence on the stiffness of the treated specimens using a significant amount of less water absorption. It is concluded that the major difference between the performances of all the studied nano particles includes that nano montmorillonite reduced the dry density of soil as the ω% increased. This type of soil stabilizing is in agreement with sustainable development strategies. https://www.jesb.ir/article_103623.html Cadmium, heavy metal regularly is being reported in flesh of one of the most importantcaviar,Sturgeon fish(Huso huso)in Caspian Sea.This level of heavy metal were detected by atomic absorption spectrophotometer device in the albumin content of this fish.The goal is, to study the effect of heavy metal cadmium on sturgeon fish (Huso huso) by using certain hematology and bio-chemical variations.The sub-lethal concentrations (LC50) of cadmium chloride on Huso huso was found out for 96 h (28 mg/L), and 1/15th, 1/10th, and 1/5th of the LC50 were 1.93, 3.11 and 5.78 mg/L respectively. The results indicated that the values of the leucocytes and the RBC were in the range of 13.74±0.42 to 40.64 ± 2.01 (×103cell /mm3) and 4.31±0.35 to 2.28±0.35 (p<0.05) respectively. Concentrations of M.C.H (pg), M.C.H.C (g/LD), hematocrit and hemoglobin were significantly decreased (p<0.05).